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Common Misconception: My Building Survived 1989 Earthquake So I Don’t Need A Retrofit

Building owners commonly believe good performance of their building during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake validates a building as being safe to withstand a major earthquake. However, the Loma Prieta earthquake registered a magnitude 6.9 with an epicenter located approximately 60 miles from San Francisco. For comparison, the Great Earthquake of 1906 registered a magnitude of Approximately 7.8 with an epicenter estimated to be approximately 2 miles from San Francisco. The estimated intensity of shaking in the 1906 earthquake was approximately 10 times that of the 1989 earthquake. A major earthquake occurring near San Francisco along the San Andreas, Hayward, or other known or unknown local faults, could cause significant damage in buildings that may have suffered little or no damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.  Please keep this in mind when considering building safety and your retrofit needs.

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Berkeley passes its own mandatory Soft Story ordinance

On December 3, 2013 City Council adopted Ordinance No. 7,318-N.S. amending Berkeley Municipal Code Chapter 19.39 to require property owners of soft, weak or open front (“SWOF”) buildings with five or more dwelling units to retrofit their buildings within the next five years. Owners have three years to apply for a building permit and two years to complete the work after submitting their permit application. The law applies to buildings constructed prior to 1978 and takes effect January 4, 2014. This is the second phase of the Soft Story Program.
Under the first phase of the soft story program, since 2005, SWOF building owners have been required to submit an engineering evaluation report identifying their building’s weaknesses and ways to remedy those weaknesses, to post an earthquake warning sign and notify their tenants of the building’s potentially hazardous condition.
Here’s the link to the text of the ordinance: ordinance No. 7,318-N.S.

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New Method of evaluating and strengthening of Soft Story Buildings

As we are starting on the retrofit design of several apartment buildings in San Francisco in accordance with the “Soft Story” ordinance, for the last several months I have been studying a new methodology of evaluating and retrofitting of the Soft Story buildings. It is a FEMA document number P-807, and is unsurprisingly entitled “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-unit Wood-Frame Buildings with Weak First Story”. It is specifically designed to be used under the ordinance.

The most significant feature of this methodology is that it doesn’t require the engineer to develop and analyze a complete nonlinear model of the specific building, which is extremely time consuming. Instead, it relies on the statistical representation of hundreds of surrogate models already analyzed by the authors of the document. This allows the engineer to account for important nonlinear behavior without requiring difficult and expensive modeling. At the same time, P-807 is intended to represent an improvement over current code-based provisions and offers a balance of engineering precision and cost-effective practice. It uses a performance based approach, allowing the owner to understand the probability of the building collapse given an earthquake of certain strength.

The authors, and several engineers at the SF DBI, indicated that the design using these guidelines may result in a more cost effective retrofit solution as compared to alternate evaluation and design methods allowed by the ordinance. These alternate methods are:

1. International Existing Building Code (IEBC), Chapter A4, the most conventional method that has been used so far. Both Berkeley and Alameda ordinances are based on this code.                                     IEBC A4 approach is code based and inasmuch requires an engineer to design the first story in conformance with the current code, albeit for slightly reduced loads. It focuses on the main deficiency that can cause a building collapse, requiring retrofit only at the first story thereby minimizing disturbance to upper floor occupants and reducing costs.

Unlike IEBC chapter A4, the FEMA method considers consequences of over-strengthening of the first story. In some buildings, adding too much strength and stiffness to the first floor may yield pushing more damage to the upper floors. The FEMA method, checks for these cases and limits the retrofit of first floor accordingly.

2. ASCE 41, Seismic Evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings – a “Mercedes-Benz” of Seismic building analysis. It is normally used for much larger buildings and requires the analysis of the entire building, not just the first story.
ASCE 41 design approach requires costly and sophisticated non-linear analysis of the materials and structural response. It is intended to be used for the entire building and not just for the first floor (even though the ordinance does limit the retrofit to first story only). It allows a more complete understanding of the existing structure as compared to IEBC A4 and may yield to a more cost effective design. However, it requires a good set of “as built” drawings and\or a thorough investigation of the existing structure as well as much more engineering time. The initial investment in engineering for these types of buildings may not be worth it.

Like ASCE 41, the FEMA method uses sophisticated non-linear analysis technique. Unlike ASCE41, the method uses a simplified procedure for the particular type of vulnerable buildings with weak story deficiency. An engineer need only to specify the structure materials and geometry, then compare key parameters to the results of nonlinear analysis of surrogate structures already performed and summarized by FEMA document authors.

In conclusion, the FEMA method, while requiring more engineering than more conventional IEBC code based approach, may ultimately yield a cheaper retrofit. A small investment in engineering will potentially save on overall project construction costs.

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Come visit our table at the Earthquake Retrofit Fair!

SAVE THE DATE!!

I will have a table set up at the Earthquake Retrofit Fair and can answer any questions or concerns you may have. In addition to the Enginious Structures booth you will find lender and contractor information. This fair will be a great source of information for your seismic retrofit needs.

 

January 28, 2014
3 PM – 7 PM
Bill Graham Civic Auditorium
99 Grove Street, San Francisco
FREE

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El Cerrito Now Requires Mandatory Retrofit

Inside the Bay Area reported that El Cerrito has adopted a mandatory retrofit ordinance twenty years after the Loma Prieta earthquake. This program had supporters including an earthquake geologist who expressed that URM’s are a definitive factor on who survives in the event of an earthquake. He also stated that in April a moderate earthquake in Italy caused 300 deaths due to URM’s.

The threat of disaster is much closer to home though because in 2008 an earthquake forecast for California stated that within the next 30 years the Bay area has a 63% chance of experiencing a 6.7 Richter scale earthquake. However, El Ceritto may face an even greater risk because Hayward line fault runs through El Cerrito only one mile from San Pablo Ave where 17 vulnerable buildings stand.

Prior to this mandate, El Cerrito has followed the California law which requires only that cities in “high-risk zones” to post signage at entrances of unreinforced masonry buildings and develop a program to mitigate the potential damage by a natural disaster. In addition, the city also paid Seisco Engineering $170,000 to evaluate the 52 buildings and required building owners to report their intentions to retrofit. However, the voluntary program that has been in place for 18 years did not inspire building owners to seismically strengthen the buildings so the mandate has been put in place.

The mandate for El Cerrito will require strengthening of URM structures and compliance to to 1997 Uniform Code for Building Conservation in less than five years. However, extensions and permit fee waivers will now be provided due to concerns councilmembers and building owners. Extensions will be granted on a case by case basis due to economic concerns and lack of loans for building owners. The ordinance set deadlines for the retrofit of the 2 high, 13 moderate, and two low risk structures that Seisco had accessed. Initially the deadlines were defined as one year to plan for retrofit for high-risk, two for moderate-risk, and three for low-risk buildings and one additional year to complete the retrofit. However, now all the deadlines will be pushed back by six additional months.

You can read the full Inside Bay Area Article about the ordinance here.
You can also read the full municipal code
here.

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LA To Inspect 29,000 buildings built before 1978.

The Los Angeles Times reported that city housing officials have provided addresses to 29,000 apartment buildings in Los Angeles built before 1978 to city inspectors. City inspectors will have to access which are soft-story and vulnerable to collapse in the event of a major earthquake. This will most likely require building officials to visit to all 29,000 buildings.

During the 1994 Northridge earthquake 16 people were killed in the Northridge Meadows apartment complex and 200 of these soft-story structures were seriously damaged or completely destroyed. In an effort to limit future potential hazards Los Angeles is taking action.

City Councilman Tom LaBonge has passed a bold earthquake safety ordinance which requires 3,000 wooden apartment buildings to be strengthened. Tom La Bonge has also requested officials to propose ways for the city to identify these residential wood-frame soft-story buildings built prior to 1978 and containing two to five units.

You can access the Los Angeles Times article here.

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Public Meeting Held To Discuss Berkeley Proposed Ordinance

Last month on October 10th, the City of Berkeley co-sponsored with the ASUC (Associated Students of University of California) Office of the External Affairs VP held a public meeting and requested building owners, and all people interested in improving the safety of housing in Berkeley, to come. The meeting was to discuss an ordinance that has been proposed which will require residential buildings with five or more units to be seismically retrofitted if the building is constructed with soft, weak, or open front conditions as these buildings have the potential for sustaining serious damage, including collapse, in the event of earthquakes. Many of these buildings are home to UC Berkeley students.

The ordinance proposed will require owners to meet two deadlines. The first deadline is to plan to retrofit the building complete a building permit application within three years. The second deadline is to complete the building retrofit within five years. The city of Berkeley provided a frequently asked questions link which you can access here.

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Info Meeting Held With SF Apt Association and the Earthquake Safety Implementation Program

Multifamily building owners gathered at Fort Mason on Oct. 23 to learn more about their financing options to allow them to comply with new city rules for certain buildings with “soft stories.” The event was co-hosted by the San Francisco Apartment Association and the Earthquake Safety Implementation Program as a workshop to learn about public and private financing options.

Building owners learned about a variety of private financing options. And the city will have its own public financing option through its Green Finance Program. Details will be available in coming months.

Owners of such properties who are looking for guidance on what they need to do, how they can finance it, and how they go about getting the work done, can contact the Department of Building Inspection at 415-558-6699 or softstory@sfgov.org or visit the San Francisco Apartment Association at www.sfaa.org.

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SF may have cast too wide a net for Wood Frame Seismic Retrofit Ordinance

It appears that the San Francisco DBI has spread their net so wide for the Wood Frame Seismic Retrofit Ordinance notification that most of the building owners that have gotten in touch me, so far, have buildings that shouldn’t have been on this list. Out of the first 10 screening reports we’ve done, only one building needed further engineering evaluation and perhaps retrofit. All others as well as 3 additional prospects I have looked at last week, we found to be exempt.

As they say, prior experience doesn’t guarantee future results but these statistics are indicative of the fact that many notified buildings will not require any mandatory retrofit work.

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San Francisco Soft Story Screening Forms Are Being Mailed This Week

On Monday, September 9th, I attended a meeting organized by the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California and the City and County of San Francisco Department of Building Inspection regarding the Wood-Frame Seismic Retrofit Program. As September 15, 2013, six thousand building owners will receive a letter and screening form from the Department of Building Inspection. The purpose of this Screening Form is to verify whether notified buildings are subject to the Wood-Frame Seismic Retrofit Program or are exempt. If the building is exempt, the screening form will aid to secure this exemption. All who have received this form must complete the appropriate sections and return all three pages via email or U.S. mail even if they believe they are exempt. However, in most cases the form must be completed by a licensed design professional.

     The only case the owner can fill this form out on their own is if the building has already been retrofitted given the criteria of a voluntary strengthening (AB-094) that was adopted in 2009. This work needed to be completed in accordance with the AB-094 prior to June 18, 2013. If another retrofit was completed in the last 15 years per SFBC Section 3402B (now found in SFBC Section 1604.11), the owner can fill out an optional evaluation form, pay $374 and provide documentation that work was completed. However, the DBI will verify if the work meets this ordinance design criteria and may still deem further structural work necessary.

     Although the deadline is not until September 15, 2014 the City and County of San Francisco Department of Building and Safety urges building owners to begin working on the form without delay. This is because, depending on your building, the property records may need to be researched and a licensed design professional hired to screen the property and complete the form on your behalf.
This retrofit program focuses on the structural elements of seismic force-resisting system in certain “target stories” that the San Francisco Building Code deems “critically vulnerable” stories. A target story is briefly defined as follows:

• A basement story or underfloor area that extends above grade at any point.
• Any story above grade plane whose wall configuration is substantially different from the wall configuration of the story above, except that a story is not a Target Story if it is the topmost story or if the difference in configuration is primarily due to the story above being a penthouse, an attic with a pitched roof, or a setback story.

A licensed architect or civil or structural engineer would need to visit the building and complete your screening form as it requires a better understanding of ordinance, scope, code language, and construction type, than is typically possessed by a building owner or a contractor.

Enginious Structures, Inc. can assist you in the screening of your building and completing the form for you. This will clarify whether or not you are exempt from any further action. The form requires a design professional to answer the following questions.

• Is the building wood-frame construction?
• Was the building permitted prior to January 1, 1978?
• Is the building three or more stories, or two stories over a basement or under floor area that extends above the grade? (Please, keep in mind that the definition of “stories” that the Department of Building Inspection utilizes may not be what you are familiar with.)
• Does the building contain five or more dwelling units?

If we find that the answer is yes to any of the department questions but you still believe your building is exempt you can file the optional evaluation form as discussed above. We can assist you in this process as well.

     Our fee for the site visit is determined by the size of building, and number of buildings we are inspecting for the building owner. Please call us for pricing. depending on the building size. However, if the building needs further evaluation and you hire us to do this evaluation and design a retrofit if necessary we will deduct the evaluation cost from our design fee; so the cost of the screening is essentially zero.
If your building is not exempt your building will be assigned a risk category as referred to in my previous post. You will be notified in due course about the engineering evaluation and seismic retrofit your building needs to undergo to be compliant with the requirements of this ordinance.

As always, if you have any questions or concerns about soft story retrofitting or your building, feel free to give me a call at (510)272-9999 or e-mail me at info@test.enginious-structures.com.

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